Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Misticismo. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Misticismo. Mostrar todas las entradas

martes, 15 de octubre de 2019

Byung-Chul Han y el budismo zen como arma anticapitalista



"Bello es el ser sin apetito", escribe Byung-Chul Han en Filosofía del budismo zen, y en un mundo obeso, que exige ambición a todos sus individuos, con un ejército de ciclistas inmigrantes para saciar el hambre infinita, esa frase suena revolucionaria. ¿Qué sería del capitalismo tardío si se nos acaba el apetito, si nos conformamos con lo que somos? ¿Será posible atentar contra el sistema desde el no-hacer?

"Bello es el ser sin apetito", escribe Byung-Chul Han en Filosofía del budismo zen, y en un mundo obeso, que exige ambición a todos sus individuos, con un ejército de ciclistas inmigrantes para saciar el hambre infinita, esa frase suena revolucionaria. ¿Qué sería del capitalismo tardío si se nos acaba el apetito, si nos conformamos con lo que somos? ¿Será posible atentar contra el sistema desde el no-hacer?


El filósofo surcoreano Byung–Chul Han, famoso entre quienes tienen resueltas sus necesidades básicas pero no sus angustias, lo es justamente porque describe con certeza y sencillez los motivos que nos tienen en esta desazón generalizada. Sus diagnósticos y sus libros son como agujas, breves pero agudas, que pinchan en las heridas que hoy nos hacen sangrar sin dolor: el declive del deseo, el flagelo de la transparencia o el auge de la autoexplotación.


Pero hace diecisiete años, antes de convertirse en una estrella de la crítica cultural –que no usa celular y cultiva flores en un jardín–, Han escribió un ensayo que si bien no buscaba identificar otro trastorno más de la sociedad neoliberal, leído desde ahora sí consigue entregar una respuesta al malestar posmoderno: el budismo zen.


Filosofía del budismo zen (2002, editado en español por Herder el 2015) no es, por supuesto, un libro de autoayuda, pero en la desesperación de estos tiempos desoladores, donde Carmen Tuitera es guía espiritual y no hay más referentes intelectuales que el Profe Maza, funciona sin quererlo como tal.

Lo que Han pretendía era dilucidar los conceptos que definen y diferencian al budismo zen comparándolos con la filosofía occidental de Platón, Leibniz, Hegel y Heidegger, y aunque lo consigue, el resultado además es una especie de receta involuntaria contra el tedio, la depresión y el narcisismo que predominan actualmente.

No se trata de volver a una retórica new age, de disfrazarse de Sting ni de colgar banderitas en la terraza. Tampoco de ir a un taller de meditación para obtener más rendimiento laboral. Es justamente lo contrario: intentar vaciarse de esa lógica occidental que pretende encontrarle una recompensa o beneficio a cada acción o decisión que tomamos, y simplemente liberarnos de la economía detrás de nuestros movimientos.

“Bello es el ser sin apetito”, escribe Byung-Chul Han, y en un mundo obeso, que exige ambición a todos sus individuos, con un ejército de ciclistas inmigrantes para saciar el hambre infinita, esa frase suena revolucionaria. ¿Qué sería del capitalismo tardío si se nos acaba el apetito, si nos conformamos con lo que somos? ¿Será posible atentar contra el sistema desde el no-hacer? ¿La inacción puede ser una amenaza?

Eso no se responde en Filosofía del budismo zen, pero de forma indirecta queda sugerido. Han opone el apetito de trascendencia, quizá el peor legado del cristianismo —esta incapacidad de soportar la idea de la muerte y querer sobrevivir a la propia existencia a como dé lugar—, con la inmanencia, el vivir aquí, experimentando la cotidianeidad, ese mundo de “hombres y mujeres, de anciano y joven, sartén y olla, gato y cuchara”.

Algo radical en este frenesí de notificaciones, todos adictos al último meme, paranoides de los spoilers y nunca satisfechos con el final de ninguna serie. El budismo zen, en cambio, “se trata de ver lo inusitado en la repetición de lo acostumbrado”.

La dificultad de asumir este espíritu vacío de apetito, entregado al aquí y al ahora, es que exige liberarse de lo sagrado, ya sea Cristo en la cruz, una foto de Felipe Camiroaga o la confianza en el mercado. Incluso al mismo buda. “Si encontráis a buda, matad a buda”, dijo el maestro Linji. “La nada del budismo zen”, se lee de mano de Han, “no ofrece cosa alguna que pueda retenerse, ningún fundamento firme del que podamos cerciorarnos, nada a lo que pudiéramos agarrarnos. El mundo carece de fundamento”.

Pero el vacío, por otro lado, permite que el sujeto no sólo esté “en” el mundo, sino que en el fondo “es” el mundo. Como anota Han: “El mundo está enteramente ahí, en una flor de ciruelo”.

También se sospecha de la idea del hogar, lo que en el léxico subdesarrollado se conoce como el sueño de la casa propia, y que últimamente ha perdido todo relato llamándose solamente inversión inmobiliaria. Un budista zen no echa raíces —ni bienes raíces— porque eso sería llamar a la trascendencia, proyectarse a un futuro que no existe. “Un monje zen ha de ser como las nubes, sin morada fija, y como el agua, sin apoyo firme”, dice el coreano-alemán. “Ni huésped ni anfitrión; huésped y anfitrión, sin duda”.

Habiendo fallado las revoluciones, y sin alternativas a la vista que reemplacen o se opongan a la metástasis imparable del neoliberalismo, quizá este momento poshistórico, como lo describió Fukuyama, o de no-historia, pueda ser combatido con el no-ser del budismo zen.

martes, 11 de julio de 2017

El origen del problema


Por: Espiritu del Uno. (Facebook)

Nuestro paradigma actual, el que da origen al sistema que conocemos, nace en Europa en el siglo XVII y da origen a la crisis de “consciencia europea” desde donde se forman todas las bases y redes de pensamiento occidentales, hoy también globales, que hasta hoy rigen nuestra realidad y que dan forma a la red que hoy se distribuye a través de todos los centros de conocimiento a lo largo del mundo, colegios, escuelas y universidades, así como de diferentes cátedras de diferentes ramas del conocimiento, y que a su vez componen la visión hegemónica del mundo y distribuyen desde ahí toda la intención de verdad de los discursos que tratan de tomar control de nuestra percepción de la realidad. Discursos que al poseer una intención de verdad, persiguen una intención de poder y control sobre la forma en que vemos el mundo y por ende las cosas que en él se permiten y se bloquean vía el sistema de discursos colectivos e individuales.

Esto sin duda , además de ser una visión racionalista y empirista de la realidad, establece solo una forma de ver la vida, la cual es separatista y segregada y no una visión de conjunto, naturalista y sagrada que de forma armónica integre ambas visiones como una visión única, así como nuestros ancestros lo hacían. Ellos comprendían que todo en la existencia es la fusión de energías diferentes que dan forma a lo que percibimos como realidad. Hoy nuestra ciencia llama Física Cuántica, la cual estudia el microcosmos y los principio de leyes que l0 rigen, unifica junto con la consciencia la materia como un efecto reflejo del observado. Esto establece que la ciencia se esta abriendo en su racionalismo y empirismo a comprender los diferentes estados de consciencia así como su relación con diferentes estados del universo como un estado único en donde es el observador, nosotros, quienes determinamos tanto los estados puros de la materia como sus diferentes niveles dimensionales tanto a nivel macro y microcosmosmico

Es en todo este proceso que hoy el paradigma cientifico sufre una renovación en la forma de concebir el mundo, sin embargo aún se encuentra cojo, ya que carece de el conocimiento ancestral y la verdadera sabiduria de la tierra.
Hace pocos cientos de años se vivieron cambios desde la visión geocentrista a la heliocentrista. La tierra plana, el alma y el origen del conocimiento y el poder son tópicos fuertes del siglo XVII en el mundo europeo, los que van abriendo camino a la ilustración en el siglo XVIII de la mano del racionalismo. Ese fue el siglo del cambio de paradigma para lo que seria el nacimiento de occidente y a su vez el origen de la construcción del paradigma madre actual para todo el mundo a travez de la globalización.

Desde Copérnico, Galileo, Descartes, Kepler y Bacon se comienza a establecer un discurso científico que comienza a dar forma a un entramado intelectual sobre la construcción del mundo que hasta nuestros días hace del sistema vigente una visión única y hegemónica en todas sus áreas del conocimiento, un conocimiento fragmentado y desarticulado, hiper especializado y desconectado totalmente de la naturaleza propia del universo y su conexión con nosotros como un ser único y no fragmentado como ha propuesto el modelo de pensamiento vigente.

Gracias a esto la cultura mundial sentó únicamente sus bases en la razón y creó un complejo sistema intelectual basado en una visión del conocimiento únicamente racionalista y empirista, es decir, basado en la experiencia entregada via los sentidos fisicos. Entretejió una compleja red conocimientos y teorias complejamente elaboradas que constituyeron el origen de otros paradigmas que sustentan al paradigma madre, los cuales han dado como resultado la arquitectura base de nuestra visión de la realidad y sobre todo de nuestra sociedad actual en todo su conjunto y en todo el mundo como cultura globalizada.

Es a René Descartes al cual le debemos nuestra filosofía moderna, nuestra arquitectura mental. Él es uno de los fundadores de nuestra realidad. De él proviene la famosa frase “cogito ergo sum”, “pienso, luego existo”. Él es además el ideólogo del racionalismo y gran constructor del método científico en conjunto con Galileo y Kepler. El racionalismo, formulado formalmente por René Descartes en el siglo XVII en su libro ” EL discurso del Método” y “Reglas para la dirección de la mente”, postulaba a la razón como la fuente de todo conocimiento. Diciendo que sólo por medio de la razón se podían descubrir las verdades universales, evidentes en sí, de las que es posible deducir el resto de contenidos de la filosofía y de las ciencias. Es decir, una vez iniciado el proceso de observación, en la mente se establece un marco teorico que da un puente lógico a la realidad, que una vez traspasado al mundo empírico de los sentidos y la experiencia se establece que dicha reflexión nacida de la observación contiene en si mismo una verdad universal aplicable y replicable. Y así se comienza a dar origen a la creación de las verdades en nuestra actual civilización. Todo conocimiento previo se aplica a ese filtro creado, y lo que no pasa ese cedazo queda descartado y considerado como un conocimiento inútil para el desarrollo humano.

Esto si bien conduce a un ordenamiento lógico y sistémico del conocimiento, y sobre el cual se permite la construcción y avance tecnológico actual, también sesga, limita y destruye el acceso a más de 40 mil años de conocimiento indigena ancestral y sagrado. 

Esto es totalmente opuesto al conocimiento sagrado y ancestral de oriente, ya que para oriente, tanto para los budistas como jainistas, la mayor verdad se establece en el mundo del vacio, del ser que imagina la realidad para luego experimentarla, viviendo desde el interior hacia el exterior, como hoy la fisica cuantica también se lo esta diciendo a occidente miles de años despues. Y esto expuesto a una mente entrenada para percibir la realidad de una forma empírica y racionalista sin duda suena a locura, sin sentido, incoherente e incluso a la generación de risa como un sistema de defensa del paradigma interno creado. Esto es natural y coherente si se piensa que la realidad con la que convivimos en el mundo contemporáneo ha sentado sus bases en un marco teórico racionalista y empirista de occidente, basados en la lógica de la ciencia y en el uso limitado de los 5 sentidos. Por ende todo lo que sale de este sistema de conocimientos es considerado el campo de la locura, la imaginación subjetiva y carente de valor puro como verdadero.

También establece una separación sustancial entre lo que occidente llama alma y cuerpo. Radicalizando en la cultura la idea de considerar a los animales como un ser sin alma, ya que según el inicial discurso del paradigma vigente, los animales son “maquinas” desprovistas de alma. Al igual que en su momento fueron consideradas las mujeres y los humanos de piel negra. Esa raíz de confusión en la visión de la vida es el origen de muchos problemas raciales y de genero que hoy existen en la actualidad, así como el asesinato legalizado y la violencia legitimada socialmente hacia los animales. 

Esto permitió que posteriomente con el advenimiento de un sistema de pensamiento económico neoliberalista, tanto los animales, las mujeres, indigenas y los humanos de piel negra fueran considerados como objetos de propiedad del llamado varón de piel blanca y por ende utilizados como elementos de intercambio económico sin piedad y con una incalculable violencia como nunca antes en toda la historia humana existió y ha existido tal genocidio. 

La vida paso a llamarse materias primas y se puso sobre ellos y nosotros, palabras que a través del lenguaje fueron legitimando en la sociedad su esclavitud y violencia social algo propio de la naturaleza y el desarrollo social, lo cual es falso y eso tambien lo argumento el propio paradigma para legitimarse y sustentarse en el tiempo. No es si no gracias a un sin numero de revoluciones y hombres y mujeres de gran valentía que durante los siglos han dado su vida para liberarnos de la virtual red de esclavitud que han generado unos pocos varones de piel blanca sobre el conocimiento y el lenguaje, que esto ha ido cambiando, sin embargo aún queda mucho trabajo de liberación que realizar en nuestra generación, especialmente sobre la mujer y los animales, puntualmente liberando a travez del correcto uso del lenguaje cotidiano y no seguir legitimando estructuras paradigmaticas que en nuestro inconsciente colectivo se alojan como legitimas, cuando no lo son.

En aquella época de la revolución de la consciencia europea también se establece que “La Razón es única, pues es la luz que hace posible el conocimiento que produce la ciencia, como sabiduría”. Incluso postula que solo y únicamente la Razón pueden entregarnos algún conocimiento real, diciendo que no podemos fiarnos incluso de nuestros sentidos. Y en ese punto se sirve de Platón, quien decía que la razón solo puede proporcionar el conocimiento seguro. Hay una línea filosófica virtual que crece desde Sócrates y Platón, y que pasa por San Agustín antes de llegar a Descartes. Todos estos filósofos eran racionalistas, tenían algunas diferencias, pero su fundamento principal era el racionalismo como fuente de conocimiento puro, independiente si tenían un visión más idealista o materialista de la vida. Y si bien, no hay nada de malo en el racionalismo, aquí se extremo a toda la cultura y se estableció como dogma y filtro de todo el conocimiento generado, sembrando así ideas que posteriormente mutaron a lo que hoy conocemos como el caos y violencia moderna.

Así mismo Descartes opinaba igual que Sócrates y Platón, diciendo que hay una relación entre el pensamiento y la existencia. Cuanto más evidente resulte algo al pensamiento, tanto más segura es su existencia. Decía además que era preciso dudar de todo, puesto que no se podía edificar nada sobre un fondo de arena. Otros personajes que contribuyeron al racionalismo dominante del siglo XVII fueron el holandés Spinoza y el alemán Leibniz. El racionalismo estuvo expuesto a grandes criticas en su siglo, especialmente desde los llamados filósofos de la experiencia o Empiristas, entre los que destacaban Hume, Locke y Berkeley.

El empirismo, planteado fuertemente en su origen por Aristóteles, enfatizaba el papel de la experiencia ligada a la percepción sensorial en la formación del conocimiento. Es decir, se parte del mundo sensible para formar los conceptos y estos se encuentran en lo sensible de su limitación. Dicho de otra manera el postulaba que “No hay nada en la consciencia que no haya estado antes en los sentidos”. Definiendo a los sentidos como lo puramente físico y es aquí donde nuevamente se limita la percepción de la realidad. 

Por otro lado la existencia del universo físico corresponde tan solo un 5% de la totalidad de la existencia del cosmos, el otro 95% restante es un universo no físico, compuesto de materia y energía oscura, el cual da origen y forma al 5% visible y percibible como universo físico, con el cual nuestros sentidos interactúan. Expuesto de forma simple, la arquitectura de la realidad sobre el cual se sustenta nuestro paradigma es en si mismo una contradicción científica, que si bien permitió llegar a conocimientos de vital importancia para todas las areas del conocimiento hoy ellos mismos nos muestran la importancia de renovar esa misma arquitectura mental al encontrarse sustancialmente coja e incompleta. El universo físico, de los sentidos que postulaba Aristoteles es sin duda importante, pero no es fundamental para la comprensión de la existencia, sobre todo hoy conociendo que corresponde tan solo a una ínfima parte del universo existente.

Dicho de otra forma nuestra consciencia y el mundo sutil tiene mucha mas importancia verdadera que el universo físico, aunque nuestro marco teórico sobre el cual nuestra sociedad fue construida dicte lo contrario. En este sentido nuevamente son los ancestros y las culturas antiguas que durante milenios desarrollaron grandes civilizaciones lograron una comprensión mucho mas profunda y real, ya que además de conectarse con la realidad de los sentidos y su capacidad intelectual para decodificar los sucesos y experiencias que en ella se dan, fueron capaces de conectarse con realidades no físicas, mas allá del pensamiento y los sentidos, desde donde partiendo de la conexión con la tierra, el universo y la consciencia, fueron capaces al igual que cientos de millones de seres humanos hoy en día, de conectar con fuentes infinitas de conocimiento y sabiduría fuera del tiempo y el espacio, a traves del estudio de los patrones y ciclos de la naturaleza.Pudiendo interactuar mas allá de las dimensiones físicas y conocidas por la limitada percepción sensorial y racional que el actual paradigma madre promueve.

Así mismo si tenemos una idea o un concepto sobre el mundo o las cosas que no se pueda conectar con hechos experimentados, racionalidados y empiricos, entonces se trata de un concepto o idea falsa. Esto es sin duda una mutilación a nuestra propia fuente natural de conocimiento interno y ha representado el mayor peligro para nuestra civilización, sobre la cual hoy en dia comenzamos a ver poco a poco sus profundos resultados.

Sobre esa base, los Empiristas del siglo XVII y XVIII habían heredado una serie de tesis eruditas que ahora había que analizar con lupa. Había que limpiarla de vacios. Para los empiristas británicos, era muy importante analizar las ideas humanas, con el fin de ver si podían ser demostradas mediante experiencias autenticas. Toda idea del mundo que no se podía demostrar por parte de los empiristas, quedaba descartada. Mientras que para los racionalistas, lo que no seguía un curso lógico, medible y matemático en su origen, quedaba también descartado.

Es producto de la inquisición de la iglesia catolica que esta linea de pensamiento se extrema entre la naciente ciencia, la cual tiene su origén en la alquimia, al igual que en los descubrimientos astronomicos provenientes de magos como Giordano Bruno.

El temor de esta cultura racionalista que nacía con fuerza a lo “invisible o sagrado” se fue transformando paulatinamente en una fuerte linea de pensamiento logofobica a todo lo relacionado a lo esoterico, espiritual, religioso, etc. Pero por sobre todo, en el conocimiento chamanico ancestral hacia todas las tribus indigenas de la tierra.

Esto se fue imprimiendo en las raíces culturales que hoy se propagan via los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales a toda escala, se transformo precisamente en lo “irracional” y se expreso profundamente en el tratamiento brindado a los “locos” en las clínicas psiquiátricas de aquella época. Dio inicio a la historia de la locura, como sistema de defensa del proprio sistema intelectual, aterrorizando a las personas a pensar diferente, limitando la divergencia y el caos a ahora un sistema unificado unicamente desde la razón y la dualidad, en donde se comienza a plantear un mundo dividido entre ciencia y religión, y asi mismo comenzando a sacrificar y cerrar las puertas para todo el mundo occidental y hoy para todo el mundo, a una inmensa y basta red de conocimiento milenario como la alquimia, el esoterismo, la teosofia, la metafisica, astrologia, cosmologia, espiritualidad ancestral indigena,la conexión con los espiritus animales , con la tierra y con las estrellas, asi como con todo arte ancestral de las ciencias ocultas y todo lo relacionado al mundo de lo sutil e invisble. Esto puede ser entendido como una de las grandes perdidas de conocimiento para el mundo tanto como en su momento lo significo el incendio de la biblioteca de Alejandria.

Esto hizo que se descartaran calendarios, sistemas matemáticos y todo lo que no entrara en la nueva concepción de la realidad. La logofobia hacia todo el mundo fuera de los 5 sentidos y la evolución de ese conocimiento quedo relegado a la oscuridad, desde donde se fue gestando durante cientos de años un nuevo despertar en silencio, una revolución que hoy a gracias al conocimiento cuantico ve su renacimiento en el paradigma vigente pero que sin embargo es un conocimiento que siempre ha albergado la humanidad y es sobre el cual las civilizaciones milenarias, y no centeria como la nuestra, tuvieron su fundación y les permitió prosperar por tanto tiempo y de forma pacfica durante milenios.
La creación de nuevo modelo en donde la ciencia y la espiritualidad encuentran un lenguaje y sistema logico que permite el dialogo y comprensión hacia un conocimiento armonico, pacifico y conciliador, se vuelve hoy la gran necesidad para nuestra civilización, ya que en este nuevo marco, expansivo y sin limites, en donde el caos y la entropia conviven en armonia permite que la dualidad se entienda como un ser unico y que desde la perpepcion de la realidad no sea solo comprensible desde el mundo limitado de los 5 sentidos y la razón si no que ademas formen parte de un mundo eterno, sin tiempo, ilimitado y mas alla de nuestros limitados 5 sentidos fisicos. 

Esta revolución de consciencia es profundamente necesaria y nos permite comprender una unidad en todo lo existente. Es este el eslabón perdido de la conciencia colectiva para comprender la separación con nuestros hermanos animales, las mujeres, el mundo espiritual y todo lo que el varon blanco europeo renacentista definio como de menor valor o carente de alma hace 500 años atras.
Aceptar que todo es un unico y gran ser viviente y consciente, en donde hombre y mujer como humanos son un mismo ser, misma especie... en donde la tierra no nos pertenece si no que nosotros le pertenemos a ella y en donde el universo y sus estrellas por mas que virtualmente nos parezcan alejados en años luz estan conectados a nosotros en todo momento, y que todo pensamiento, definido como vibración y frecuencia que emitimos, afecta no solo a nuestro marco logico, si no que a todo el universo en su conjunto, establece una nueva visión de conjunto, un sentir que despierta nuestra conexión con la madre tierra, con nuestros ancestros y con nuestras fuerzas internas tanto masculinas como femeninas.

Es cambiar el foco desde donde se percibe el origen de la realidad que experimentamos. Comprendiendo que la realidad no se genera primero externamente y luego es percibida internamente. Si no que nuestra realidad se genera primero internamente para luego ser experimentada externamente. Imaginada, pensada, soñada y separada a nosotros via un espacio tiempo delimitado por la intensidad con la cual proyectamos ese sueño lucido.

La cultura actual encierra, clasifica y analiza al disidente, al loco, al irracional, como a un objeto e individuo fuera del enjambre de conocimiento, del sistema organizado. Lo clasifica como algo inútil, hostil, poco productivo y por ende algo de lo cual todo ser humano debe alejarse ya que hoy, con la construcción del sistema económico, lo que no genera beneficios económicos, es algo que no es útil y por ende descartable para toda la cultura. Denominado poco practico, el cual tiene su raíz en la idea de lo material. Mostrándose de esta manera, la racionalidad moderna, tal cual como es, un discurso con intención de control, poder y dominación sobre la verdadera naturaleza del universo y que hoy, netamente va a llenar arcas de un grupo de familias en forma piramidal a lo largo de todo el mundo en donde este sistema de ideas esta vigente.

Desde el siglo XVII en adelante, pasando por el Renacimiento y a partir del siglo XIX, las cosas ocurrieron de modo muy distinto a todo lo anteriormente conocido en la historia de la humanidad. Se progresa en términos de conocimientos, como nunca antes, la velocidad y la intensidad de los cambios comienza a construir una maquina que en su momento parecía no tener fin. Sin embargo fallo en algo crucial. Definio a la cultura y su sistema económico sobre una base lineal y finita, erróneamente y distanciado totalmente de la naturaleza propia de la vida. Toda cultura milenaria desarrollo a diferencia de la europea dominante, un sistema económico y social basado en la permanencia cultural y entendio que la armonía con la naturaleza es en escencia la clave para el existir en la tierra desde lo cual todo desarrollo debía existir. Los europeos, durante 40 mil años, entre el Neolitico y el Paleolitico tambien vivieron en paz, de forma armonica y conectados con la naturaleza de forma sagrada y mistica. Sin embargo, hace 6 mil años ocurrio una fractura luego que llegasen las invasiones indoeuropeas y trajeran al mundo europeo por primera vez, ideas de un dios masculino y guerrero, animales utilizados para la guerra y armas hechas con metal. Cuestiones que durante milenios los europeos conocian y no utilizaban de esta forma.

Reverenciamos a la antigua Grecia como la cuna de la cultura occidental. Ya que fue allí desde donde se gesta por primera vez en la historia un marco teórico que permite la deducción y elaboración de un complejo sistema de conocimiento que posteriormente podemos llamar ciencia. Es gracias a Euclides y otros grandes filósofos y matematicos, como Socrates, Aristoteles, Platon, Arquimides, Pitagoras y Erastotenes que sumado a un sistema educativo basado en 4 grandes ejes del conocimiento de aquella época llamado Quadrivium, que se fue propiciando un gran desarrollo en la visión del universo como una teoría conjunto y no como un conocimiento separado entre si como lo es hoy. La Matemática, Aritmetica, Astronomia y Música eran estudiadas como un solo gran cuerpo de estudio y permitieron a los filósofos de aquella época, elaborar un sin numero de teorías y marcos teóricos que hicieron de nuestra humanidad occidental y su desarrollo lo que es hoy.

Sin embargo con el advenimiento del enciclopedismo, el racionalismo extremo, el empirismo y la hiperespecializacion del conocimiento via los centros de educación y el mercado del conocimiento moderno, es que hoy se ha perdido la visión unificada del conocimiento como un sistema único y universal. 

Ello con el tiempo, genero un tipo de pensador o filosofo “practico”. La cuestión filosófica, la búsqueda de verdades ya no era tan trascendental como si lo comienza a hacer el avance en las ciencias, en la observación y la experiencia. La filosofía paso de preguntarse a ¿Quién soy?, ¿De dónde vengo? y ¿Para donde voy? a comenzar a edificar un sistema de producción intelectual racionalista y materialista que impregno todas las áreas del conocimiento y el que hacer humano. Se privilegió la filosofia con base en la construcción social y en el desarrollo historico materialista.
Así mismo este paradigma tiene como herramienta el “conocimiento” y utiliza el lenguaje como método de defensa, en donde utiliza palabras como “practico”, “real”, “útil” y “objetivo” para protegerse a sí mismo, este discurso tiende a argumentar y defender la forma en la que está planteado el paradigma y lo defiende a través de lo que podemos llamar, los círculos de poder. 
Ahora se buscaban leyes racionales y empíricas que determinaran causas y efectos bajo un sistema de ideas altamente organizado y estructurado. Marx con su libro “El Capital”, descubría las leyes del desarrollo histórico de la humanidad, de la misma manera que Darwin lo hacía con las leyes del desarrollo orgánico de la naturaleza, estableciendo ambos un común denominador, la lucha de clases y la supervivencia.Cuestiones que hoy sabemos que no son del todo ciertas, pero que sin embargo fundaron el marco del nuevo paradigma y calaron en lo profundo de la siquis colectiva de la humanidad. Asi mismo por otro lado estaba Freud, quien con su psicoanálisis establecía los principios de la psicologia humana y el mundo del inconsciente en conjunto con Carl Jung. Sin embargo la idea de la psiquis humana que logra ramificarse por toda la sociedad no es precisamente la de Carl Jung, el cual tiene una visión mucha mas holistica y humanista que Freud. Y esto es debido al sobrino de Freud, Edward Bernays quien logra introducir en Estados Unidos las practicas de su tío para el control de la población mediante campañas politicas y posteriormente servir de fundación para todo lo que conocemos como publicidad, y que hoy domina las redes sociales y gran parte de la siques humana y colectiva en su totalidad.

Asi se comienza a fabricar una mentalidad marcadamente racionalista desde la educación y sobre la cual tambien se comienza a crear obreros de mano barata e intelectuales altamente organizados que sirvan de construcción al modelo vigente, ambos con igual nivel de esclavitud y sesgo mental pero con diferencias en su adquisición material y de consumo. Hoy todo es una segregación hiper especifica y desconectada de conocimientos entre si, en donde solo se valora el conocimiento que es utilitario con fines laborales, económicos y practico.

Esto provoca que el mundo europeo deje de producir genios interdiciplinarios como Paracelso, Davinci y Newtons, en donde posteriormente y de forma excepcional logran aparecer personajes como Einstein y Tesla. A quienes les debemos gran parte de la cultura tecnologíca actual.

Por ejemplo Paracelso, al igual que Newton, era alquimista, asi mismo botánico, medico y astrologo. Paracelso, quien es llamado el padre de la medicina moderna sentó las bases de la medicina y botánica modernas. Su estudio de las plantas y su relación con el universo unifico un puente aparentemente desconectado e inconcebible desde el mundo únicamente racional y empírico, en donde percibio que todas las plantas tienen un vinculo escencial, asi como todo lo vivo en la tierra, con los movimientos y comportamientos de los astros en el universo. 

Los movimientos de las estrellas tienen una influencia no solo en el comportamiento que tenemos a nivel psicológico o en nuestra consciencia, si no que tambien en las propiedades con que las plantas y hierbas crecen, y que determinan la cantidad con la que ciertos elementos químicos se producen con mayor o menor cantidad en ellas.

Así mismo fue el trabajo e investigación de Newton con la alquimia y sus investigaciones sobre la arquitectura hindú y los templos de Salomón los que le abrieron las puertas al conocimiento de la naturaleza que observo y que lo llevaron a detectar los fenómenos de la luz así como de la gravedad, los cuales dieron origen a lo que hoy conocemos como electromagnetismo. 

Sin embargo, los chinos, mayas, egipcios, celtas, y toda clase de indigenas en diferentes partes del mundo, decenas de milenios antes incluso en algunos casos, ya se conocía que el universo estaba en constante vibración, que además genera movimientos en espiral, que la base del diseño universal es esferico, que no somos el centro del universo y que la tierra es esférica. 

Toda la época revolucionara del pensamiento científico fue sin duda un verdadero salto evolutivo en cuanto a la velocidad de la generación del conocimiento y su ordenamiento. Sin duda se le debe muchísimo como humanidad a esos grandes pensadores y científicos europeos. Sin embargo a su vez definieron a la inteligencia y a la verdad como sinónimos del ejercicio de la razón y los sentidos, mientras que simultáneamente construyeron una estructura social y psicológica de un paradigma estático e inamovible que genera y ha generado mucho daño a toda la humanidad, y que lo sigue haciendo. Este es el origen del problema humano en su ultima fase.

No es en sí mismo un control del poder desde una entidad en específico. El poder no es una institución, ni una estructura o cierta fuerza con la que están investidas determinadas personas; el poder es el nombre dado a una compleja relación estratégica en una sociedad. El poder es, un conjunto de relaciones, una red más o menos organizada, jerarquizada y coordinada que determina el origen y curso de las ideas, sus consecuentes procesos y la consecuente generación de individuos que legitiman el paradigma que promueve el sistema de turno.

El racionalismo y el empirismo habían ganaron hace cientos de años la guerra del conocimiento, la guerra por el poder del curso de la historia humana. Es ese el momento en de la historia donde el intelecto triunfó por sobre la intuición. Todo se estructuro desde allí. Todo el origen de los actuales paradigmas se encuentra allí. En la base de la razón, la separación y la exacerbación de lo fisico. Determino la evolución y la verdad a un progreso cuantificable, ordenado y medible, desde el cual nada podía entrar al nuevo mundo si no procedía de un método científico empirista o de origen lógico y sensorial.

Se construye de esta forma, el paradigma madre existente, la matrix vigente, la ilusión moderna. La maya, la virtualidad actual desde donde se mira la realidad, individual y socialmente, la cual los diferentes centros de poder y conocimiento distribuyen de forma aleatoria pero conjunta como un único gran discurso que articula un poder unificado para la razón y el uso de los sentidos. Hoy además potenciado con el paradigma económico desde donde el cual financia, articula y gestiona todo el paradigma.

Este paradigma dio origen paulatino a nuevos paradigmas políticos, económicos, sociales, científicos y educativos, todos en perspectiva expansiva desde el paradigma madre. 

Y como tal, es una construcción unilateralmente masculina y europea. Todo lo que no sea, intelectual, empírico, masculino y occidental, ha sufrido el ataque de los soldados del paradigma durante lo que este lleva de reinado. La historia lo comprueba y lo vemos en el trato a la mujer, a los orientales, a los animales, a los humanos de piel oscura, los indígenas y en definitiva todo lo que de alguna manera ha amenazado con disminuir, con reducir o compartir tanto el poder como la riqueza que el paradigma creado genero.

Ambos son víctimas de la misma mecánica pero a la inversa. Toda la percepción inconsciente y consciente que tenemos del mundo, toda la configuración que hacemos de nuestra realidad, es a fin de cuentas el producto de una “construcción intelectual” por cientos de años de intelectualismo masculino occidental. 

Nuestra historia, lo que creemos cierto, lo que hemos definido como verdad, se cimenta bajo una telaraña de mitologias puramente ficticias mas cercanas a una pelicula de ciencia ficción que a hechos realmente concretos y objetivos. 

Y es así, que el hombre construyo el mundo a su imagen y semejanza. Tal como es el hombre como género. Dominante, competitivo y racional. El mundo ha sido los ultimos cientos de años, un hombre temeroso de perder lo que tiene. Y como tal se defiende violentamente, para no perder su ilusión de riqueza y de poder. Sin embargo el poder de la mujer volvera como lo fue durante mas de 40 mil años. Volvera a nacer la fuerza femenina y el poder de nuestra gran madre. Esta vez no nacera solo de la mujer, si no que también desde el utero eterico de cada varon y mujer que en sienta el llamado de la madre tierra a despertar y liberarse de las cadenas de la ilusión creadas y diseñadas para generar dolor y sufrimiento a nuestros semejantes.

La verdad inmutable de este paradigma madre lineal, ha creado un estancamiento evolutivo de la consciencia, ya que es a ella hacia donde se han dirigido los dardos y con ello a la construcción de las realidades que emanan de ella. Sin embargo la consciencia, lo intuitivo, lo femenino y lo sagrado, siempre han sido libres, todo lo mencionado anteriormente es tan solo la descripcion historica y cronologica en alguna medida de una construcción intelectual que nos sesga y divide como humanos, pero que nadie más con execpcion a quien padece la inyeccion del paradigma, experimenta. Todo esto, no es más que una ilusión. La consciencia y las fuerzas que desconocemos que operan desde ese 95% de materia invisible, de ese vacio budico que determina nuestra existencia, siempre ha seguido operando y movilizandose al igual que la fuerza de la gravedad en nosotros. El no creer o no ser conscientes de algo, no implica que elimina su existencia, si no que solo la elimina para el observador que padece la cegera. Sin embargo es hora y tiempo de reclamar a nuestro intelecto la integración consciente de estas fuerzas, tanto sagradas como femeninas, liberarlas del control y el yugo despiadado de la razón y la violencia.

Ambos, femenino y masculino sufren y estan enfermos si no se aman y logran convivir en armonia. Ya seas hombre o mujer leyendo estas palabras, en ti viven ambas energías y ellas conectan con la madre y padre ancestral de cada todos nosotros nosotros. A la luna y el sol, al condor y al aguila, viviendo en armonia, provocando el viento que se genera al unir el agua y el fuego sin que ninguno de los dos deje de existir. Sin evaporar el agua y sin apagar el fuego, fusionandose y volviendonos hijos del viento.

Reclamemos nuestro centro sagrado, volvamos al origen y liberemos a la mente de la esclavitud del lenguaje e ignorancia en la cual la ignorancia del pasado nos sumergio. Cortemos el patrón de sufrimiento, cada pensamiento retrogrado que deja de reproducirse dentro de nosotros es un aire de esperanza para el futuro. Seamos el potencial que somos y no nos lamentemos de lo que pudimos ser sin haberlo siquiera intentado con toda nuestra fuerza y toda el alma.

sábado, 20 de mayo de 2017

Why psychedelics like magic mushrooms kill the ego and fundamentally transform the brain



Estalyn Walcoff arrived at the nondescript beige building in Manhattan's Gramercy Park neighborhood on a balmy August morning, hours before the city would begin to swell with the frenetic energy of summer tourists. She was about to face a similar type of chaos — but only in her mind.
Pushing open the door to the Bluestone Center at the New York University College of Dentistry, Walcoff entered what looked like an average 1970s living room. A low-backed brown couch hugged one wall. On either side, a dark brown table held a homely lamp and an assortment of colorful, hand-painted dishes. A crouching golden Buddha statue, head perched thoughtfully on its knee, adorned another table closer to the entrance.
Months before, Walcoff had volunteered to participate in a study of how the psychedelic drug psilocybin, the main psychoactive ingredient in magic mushrooms, affects the brain in cancer patients with anxiety and depression. The promising results of that five-year study, published in December, have prompted some researchers to liken the treatment to a "surgical intervention."
The researchers believe they are on the cusp of nothing less than a breakthrough: A single dose of psychedelic drugs appears to alleviate the symptoms of some of the most common, perplexing, and tragic illnesses of the brain. Because depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, the timing seems ideal.
In people like Walcoff, whose depression and anxiety strike after a cancer diagnosis like a powerful blow, one dose of psilocybin seemed to quiet her existential dread, to remind her of her connectedness with the world around her, and, perhaps most importantly, to reassure her of her place in it.
And these results don't seem to be limited to people with cancer or other life-threatening illnesses. Participants in a handful of other studies of psychedelics consistently ranked their trips as one of their most meaningful life experiences — not only because of the trip itself, but because of the changes they appear to produce in their lives in the months and years afterward.
Still, the existing research is limited — which is why, scientists say, they so badly need permission from the government to do more.

Clark's story

1990 was a year of life and death for Clark Martin. His daughter was born, and he was diagnosed with cancer.
Over the next 20 years, as his daughter took her first steps, experienced her first day of school, and eventually grew into a smart, fiercely independent teenager, doctors waged a blitzkrieg on Martin's body. Six surgeries. Two experimental treatments. Thousands of doctor visits. The cancer never went into remission, but Martin and his doctors managed to keep it in check by staying vigilant, always catching the disease just as it was on the brink of spreading.
Still, the cancer took its toll. Martin was riddled with the effects of anxiety and depression. He had become so focused on saving his body from the cancer that he hadn't made time for the people and things in his life that really mattered. His relationships were in shambles; he and his daughter barely spoke.
So in 2010, after reading an article in a magazine about a medical trial that involved giving people with cancer and anxiety the drug psilocybin, he contacted the people running the experiment and asked to be enrolled.
After weeks of lengthy questionnaires and interviews, he was selected. On a chilly December morning, Martin walked into the facility at Johns Hopkins, where he was greeted by two researchers, including Bill Richards, a psychologist. The three of them sat and talked in the room for half an hour, going over the details of the study and what might happen.
Martin received a pill and swallowed it with a glass of water. For study purposes, he couldn't know whether it was a placebo or psilocybin, the drug the researchers aimed to study.
Next, he lay back on the couch, covered his eyes with the soft shades he'd been given, and waited.
Within a few minutes, Martin began to feel a sense of intense panic.
"It was quite anxiety-provoking," he said. "I tried to relax and meditate, but that seemed to make it worse, and I just wanted everything to snap back into place. There was no sense of time, and I realized the drug was in me and there was no stopping it."
Martin, an avid sailor, told me it reminded him of a frightening experience he'd had when after a wave knocked him off his boat, he suddenly became disoriented and lost track of the boat, which was floating behind him.
"It was like falling off the boat in the open ocean, looking back, and the boat is gone," he said. "And then the water disappears. Then you disappear."
Martin was terrified and felt on the verge of a "full-blown panic attack." Thanks to the comfort and guidance of his doctors, however, he was eventually able to calm down. Over the next few hours, the terror vanished. It was replaced with a sense of tranquility that Martin still has trouble putting into words.
"With the psilocybin, you get an appreciation — it's out of time — of well-being, of simply being alive and a witness to life and to everything and to the mystery itself," said Martin.
Lots of things happened to Martin during his four-hour trip. For a few hours, he remembers feeling at ease; he was simultaneously comfortable, curious, and alert. He recalls a vision of being in a sort of cathedral, where he asked God to speak to him. More than anything else, though, he no longer felt alone.
"The whole 'you' thing just kinda drops out into a more timeless, more formless presence," Martin said.
As his trip slowly began to draw to a close and he began to return to reality, Martin recalls a moment when the two worlds — the one in which he was hallucinating and the reality he could call up from memory — seemed to merge. He turned his attention to his relationships. He thought of his daughter, his friends, his coworkers.
"In my relationships, I had always approached it from a 'How do I manage this?' How do I present myself?' 'Am I a good listener?' type of standpoint," Martin said. "But it dawned on me as I was coming out of [the trip] that relationships are pretty much spontaneous if you're just present and connecting."
That shift, which Martin said has deepened since he took the psilocybin in 2010, has had enduring implications for his relationships.
"Now if I'm meeting people, the default is to be just present — not just physically, but mentally present to the conversation," he said. "That switch has been profound."
While he felt himself undergo a shift during his trip on psilocybin, Martin says the most enduring changes in his personality and his approach to interacting with those around him have unfolded in the months and years since he took the drug. For him, the drug was merely a catalyst — a "kick-start," he likes to call it. By redirecting his perspective for a few hours, the psilocybin unleashed a chain reaction in the way he sees and approaches the world, he said.
This squares with what researchers have found by looking at the brain on psilocybin.

Taking the road(s) less traveled

Ask a healthy person who has tripped on psychedelics what it felt like, and they'll probably tell you they saw sounds. The crash-bang of a dropped box took on an aggressive, dark shape.
Or they might say they heard colors. A bright green light seemed to emit a piercing, high-pitched screech.
In actuality, this "cross-wiring" — synaesthesia, as it's known scientifically — may be one example of the drug "freeing" the brain from its typical connection patterns.
This fundamental change in how the brain sends and receives information also might be the reason the drugs are so promising as a treatment for people with mental illnesses like depression, anxiety, or addiction. To understand why, it helps to take a look at how a healthy brain works.
Normally, information is exchanged in the brain using various circuits, or what one researcher described to me as "informational highways." On some highways, there's a steady stream of traffic. On others, however, there are rarely more than a few cars on the road. Psychedelics appear to drive traffic to these underused highways, opening up dozens of different routes and freeing up some space along the more heavily used ones.
Robin Carhart-Harris, who leads the psychedelic research arm of the Center for Neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London, captured these changes in one of the first neuroimaging studies of the brain on a psychedelic trip. He presented his findings last year in New York at a conference on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics. With the psilocybin, "there was a definite sense of lubrication, of freedom, of the cogs being loosened and firing in all sorts of unexpected directions," Carhart-Harris said.
This might be just the kick-start that a depressed brain needs.
One key characteristic of depression is overly strengthened connections in brain circuits in certain regions of the brain — particularly those involved in concentration, mood, conscious thought, and the sense of self. This may be part of the reason that electroconvulsive therapy, which involves placing electrodes on the temples and delivering a small electrical current, can help some severely depressed people — it tamps down on some of this traffic.
"In the depressed brain, in the addicted brain, in the obsessed brain, it gets locked into a pattern of thinking or processing that's driven by the frontal, the control center, and they cannot un-depress themselves," David Nutt, the director of the neuropsychopharmacology unit in the division of brain sciences at Imperial College London, told me.
shrooms brain networksVisualization of the connections in the brain of a person on psilocybin, right, and in a person not given the drug.Journal of the Royal Society Interface
Nutt is one of the pioneering researchers in the field of studying how psychedelics might be used to treat mental illness. He said that in depressed people, these overly trafficked circuits — think West Los Angeles at rush hour — can lead to persistent negative thoughts. Feelings of self-criticism can get obsessive and overwhelming. So to free someone with depression from those types of thoughts, traffic would need to be diverted from some of these congested ruts and, even better, redirected to emptier highways.
That's precisely what psychedelics appear to do.
"Psychedelics disrupt that process so people can escape," Nutt said. "At least for the duration of the trip, they can escape about the ruminations about depression or alcohol or obsessions. And then they do not necessarily go back."

A 4-hour trip, a long-lasting change

"Medically, what you're doing [with psychedelics is] you're perturbing the system," Paul Expert, who coauthored one of the first studies to map the activity in the human brain on psilocybin, told me over tea on a recent afternoon in London's bustling Whitechapel neighborhood.
Expert, a physicist at the King's College London Center for Neuroimaging Sciences, doesn't exactly have the background you'd expect of someone studying magic mushrooms.
But it was by drawing from his background as a physicist, Expert told me, that he and his team were able to come up with a systematic diagram of what the brain looks like on a psilocybin trip. Their study, published in 2014, also helps explain how altering the brain temporarily with psilocybin can produce changes that appear to develop over time.
When you alter how the brain functions — "perturb the system," in physicist parlance — with psychedelics, "that might reinforce some connections that already exist, or they might be more stimulated," Expert said.
But those changes aren't as temporary as one might expect from a four-hour shrooms trip. Instead, they appear to catalyze dozens of other changes that deepen for months and years after taking the drug.
"So people who take magic mushrooms report for a long time after the actual experience that they feel better, they're happier with life," said Expert. "But understanding exactly why this is the case is quite tricky because the actual trip is very short and it's not within that short span of time that you could actually have sort of new connections that are made. That takes much more time."
Gong Orchid Buddha 2New York University Bluestone Center for Business Insider
The clinical trials that Walcoff and Martin took part in, which took place at NYU and Johns Hopkins over five years, are the longest and most comprehensive studies we have to date of people with depression using psychedelics.
Last year, a team of Brazilian researchers published a review of all the clinical trials on psychedelics published between 1990 and 2015. After looking at 151 studies, the researchers found only six that met their analysis criteria. The rest were either too small, too poorly controlled, or problematic for another reason.
Nevertheless, based on the six studies, the researchers concluded that ayahuasca, psilocybin, and LSD may be "useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients."
"These drugs may also be useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop new therapeutic agents," they wrote.
Because the existing research is so limited, scientists still can't say exactly what is happening in the brain of someone who has tripped on psychedelics that appear to unleash such a cascade of life changes like the kind Martin described.
What we do know, though, is that things like practicing a musical instrument or learning a skill change the brain. It's possible that psychedelics do something similar over the long term, even if the actual trip — the phase of drug use that many people focus on — is pretty brief.
In other words, a trip "might trigger a sort of snowball effect" in the way the brain processes information, Expert said.
And something about the experience appears to be much more powerful for some people than even years of taking antidepressants.
small recent trial of psilocybin in people whose chronic depression had not responded to repeated attempts at treatment with medication suggested that this may be the case. While the trial, co-directed by Amanda Feilding, who founded the Beckley Foundation, was designed to determine only if the drug was safe, all of the study participants said at a one-week follow-up that they saw a significant decrease in symptoms. The majority said at a follow-up three months later that they continued to see a decrease in symptoms.
"We treated people who'd been suffering for 30 years, and they're getting better with a single dose," said Nutt, who was one of the authors of the study. "So that tells us this drug is doing something profound."

Killing the ego

Between 1954 and 1960, the psychiatrist Humphry Osmond gave thousands of alcoholics LSD.
It was part of an experimental treatment regimen aimed at helping them recover. Osmond thought that the acid would mimic some of the symptoms of delirium tremens, a psychotic condition common in chronic alcoholics who stop drinking that can involve tremors, hallucinations, anxiety, and disorientation. Osmond thought the experience might shock the alcoholics, who had failed to respond to any other treatments, into not drinking again.
He was wrong.
Rather than terrifying his patients with an extreme case of shakes and hallucinations, Osmond found that the acid appeared to produce positive, long-lasting changes in their personalities. Something about the LSD appeared to help the suffering alcoholics "reorganize their personalities and reorganize their lives," Michael Bogenschutz, an NYU psychiatrist, said at a conference on therapeutic psychedelics last year.
A year later, 40 to 45% of Osmond's patients said they had not returned to drinking — a higher success rate than any other existing treatment for alcoholism.
In an interview with the Harvard psychiatrist John Halpern, Abram Hoffer, a biochemist and colleague of Osmond's, said: "Many of them didn't have a terrible experience. In fact, they had a rather interesting experience."
While some say the trip is interesting, others have called it "spiritual," "mystical," or even "religious."
Scientists still can't say for sure what goes on in the brain during a trip that appears to produce these types of experiences. We know that part of it is about the tamping down of certain circuits and the ramping up of others.
One of the circuits that appear to quiet during a psychedelic trip is the circuit that connects the parahippocampus and the retrosplenial cortex. This network is thought to play a key role in our sense of self, or ego.
Deflating the ego is far from the soul-crushing disappointment it sounds like. Instead, it appears to make people feel more connected to the people and environment around them.
Carhart-Harris, who conducted the first study of its kind to take images of a healthy brain on LSD, said in a news release that his findings support that idea.
In a person not on a drug, specific parts of the brain light up with activity depending on what they're doing. If they're focused on reading something, the visual cortex sparkles with action. If they're listening carefully to someone, their auditory cortex is particularly active. Under the influence of LSD, the activity isn't as neatly segregated.
"The separateness of these networks breaks down, and instead you see a more integrated or unified brain," Carhart-Harris said.
That change might help explain why the drug produces an altered state of consciousness, too. Just as the invisible walls between once segregated tasks are broken down, the barriers between the sense of self and the feeling of interconnection with one's environment appear to dissolve.
"The normal sense of self is broken down and replaced by a sense of reconnection with themselves, others, and the natural world," said Carhart-Harris.
Because two of the characteristics of mental illnesses like depression and alcoholism are isolation and loneliness, this newfound interconnection could act as a powerful antidote.
"It's kind of like getting out of a cave. You can see the light, and you can stay in the light," Nutt said. "You've been liberated."

A spiritual experience

Humans have a long history of looking to "spiritual experiences" to treat mental illness — and of using psychedelics to help bring about such experiences.
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage brewed from the macerated and boiled vines of the Banisteriopsis caapi (yage) plant and the Psychotria viridis (chacruna) leaf, has been used for centuries as a traditional spiritual medicine in ceremonies among the indigenous peoples of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its name is a combination of the Quechua words "aya," which can be loosely translated to "spirit," and "waska," or "woody vine."
Europeans encountered ayahuasca in the 1500s, when Christian missionaries traveling through Amazonia from Spain and Portugal saw indigenous people using it. (The missionaries called itthe work of the devil.)
It's now understood that ayahuasca has a similar effect on the brain as magic mushrooms or acid. Yet unlike magic mushrooms, whose main psychoactive ingredient is psilocybin, ayahuasca's effects come from mixing the drug dimethyltryptamine, or DMT, from the chacruna plant, and the MAO inhibitor from the yage plant, which allows the DMT to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
milky way universeThis section of the Milky Way galaxy is a mosaic of images from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA
In the early 1950s, the writer William Burroughs traveled through South America looking for the yage plant, hoping to use it to help cure opiate addiction. Some 15 years earlier, a man suffering in a ward for alcoholics in New York had a transformative experience on the hallucinogen belladonna.
"The effect was instant, electric. Suddenly my room blazed with an incredibly white light," he wrote.
Shortly after that, the man, William Wilson, founded the 12-step recovery program Alcoholics Anonymous. Wilson later experimented with LSD and said he believed the drug could help alcoholics achieve one of the central tenets of AA: acceptance of "a power greater than ourselves."
Nevertheless, ayahuasca, LSD, and other hallucinogens were slow to gain notoriety across Europe and North America. They saw a temporary surge in popularity in the US in the 1960s, with people like Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert writing about the "ego loss" produced by magic mushrooms as part of their Harvard Psilocybin Project.
But in 1966, the government outlawed psychedelics — and most experimentation, along with research into their potential medicinal properties, came to a screeching halt.
Psychedelic drugs chart_03Business Insider
Meanwhile, scientists have experimented with the drugs in whatever capacity they can.
Bogenschutz has spent years studying the effects of a single dose of psychedelics on addicts. He's found that in most cases, studies suggest the hallucinogens can improve mood; decrease anxiety; increase motivation; change personality, beliefs, and values; and, most importantly, decrease cravings. But how?
"One of the big questions was how would a single use produce lasting behavior change?" he said in 2014. "Because if this is going to produce any lasting effect, there have to be consistent changes."
Based on several small pilot studies that he's helped conduct, Bogenschutz hypothesizes that the drugs affect addicts in two ways, which he breaks down into acute (short-term) effects and secondary (longer-term) effects.
In the short term, psychedelics affect our serotonin receptors, the brain's main mood-regulating neurotransmitters. Next, they affect our glutamate receptors, which appear to produce the so-called transformative experiences and psychological insight that people experience on the drugs.
"This is the most rewarding work I've ever done," Bogenschutz said. "To see these kinds of experiences ... it's just not as easy to get there with psychotherapy."

Staying in the light

From the time she was born, Clark Martin's daughter and her father had a difficult relationship. Martin and his partner never married, but they loved their child and divided their time with her as best they could.
Still, Martin couldn't help but feel as though their time together was consistently strained. For one thing, the spontaneity that's so vital to many relationships was absent. He always knew when their time together started and when it was coming to an end.
"You're not having as much everyday experience," Martin said. "Instead, you're having kind of a planned experience. And that affects the depth of the relationship, I think."
Martin felt similarly about his father, who had developed Alzheimer's several years before. Martin would visit him when he could, but whenever they were together, Martin felt compelled to try to push the visit into the confines of what he thought a "normal" father-son interaction should be. He'd try to make their discussions mirror the ones they would have had before his father became ill.
"I kept trying to have 'normal' conversations with him," Martin said.
About three hours into his psilocybin trip at Johns Hopkins, Martin recalled a memory of his teenage daughter.
He said he "had been so focused on pursuing my own ideas about what was best for her, trying to be the architect of her life," that he had let that get in the way of making sure she knew how much he loved and cared about her.
One afternoon about a year after the trip, Martin drove out to visit his father. This time, Martin took him for a drive.
"He always loved farming and ranching, and we'd just get in the car and spend hours driving along," Martin said.
As they drove, rolling, green hills sped past them. His father looked out at the lush horizon with awe, as if he were seeing it for the first time. The crisp, blue sky. The soft blanket of grass.
All of a sudden, Martin's father saw something. He gestured out the window, but Martin saw nothing — just grass and trees and sky. Then something moved in the distance.
There, in the middle of two emerald hills, a deer cocked its head up.
"It was miles away," Martin said. "I would have completely missed it."

domingo, 19 de febrero de 2017

The strange link between the human mind and quantum physics.


"I cannot define the real problem, therefore I suspect there's no real problem, but I'm not sure there's no real problem."
The American physicist Richard Feynman said this about the notorious puzzles and paradoxes of quantum mechanics, the theory physicists use to describe the tiniest objects in the Universe. But he might as well have been talking about the equally knotty problem of consciousness.
Some scientists think we already understand what consciousness is, or that it is a mere illusion. But many others feel we have not grasped where consciousness comes from at all.
The perennial puzzle of consciousness has even led some researchers to invoke quantum physics to explain it. That notion has always been met with skepticism, which is not surprising: it does not sound wise to explain one mystery with another. But such ideas are not obviously absurd, and neither are they arbitrary.
For one thing, the mind seemed, to the great discomfort of physicists, to force its way into early quantum theory. What's more, quantum computers are predicted to be capable of accomplishing things ordinary computers cannot, which reminds us of how our brains can achieve things that are still beyond artificial intelligence. "Quantum consciousness" is widely derided as mystical woo, but it just will not go away.
What is going on in our brains? (Credit: Mehau Kulyk/Science Photo Library)
What is going on in our brains? (Credit: Mehau Kulyk/Science Photo Library)
Quantum mechanics is the best theory we have for describing the world at the nuts-and-bolts level of atoms and subatomic particles. Perhaps the most renowned of its mysteries is the fact that the outcome of a quantum experiment can change depending on whether or not we choose to measure some property of the particles involved.
When this "observer effect" was first noticed by the early pioneers of quantum theory, they were deeply troubled. It seemed to undermine the basic assumption behind all science: that there is an objective world out there, irrespective of us. If the way the world behaves depends on how – or if – we look at it, what can "reality" really mean?
The most famous intrusion of the mind into quantum mechanics comes in the "double-slit experiment"
Some of those researchers felt forced to conclude that objectivity was an illusion, and that consciousness has to be allowed an active role in quantum theory. To others, that did not make sense. Surely, Albert Einstein once complained, the Moon does not exist only when we look at it!
Today some physicists suspect that, whether or not consciousness influences quantum mechanics, it might in fact arise because of it. They think that quantum theory might be needed to fully understand how the brain works.
Might it be that, just as quantum objects can apparently be in two places at once, so a quantum brain can hold onto two mutually-exclusive ideas at the same time?
These ideas are speculative, and it may turn out that quantum physics has no fundamental role either for or in the workings of the mind. But if nothing else, these possibilities show just how strangely quantum theory forces us to think.
The famous double-slit experiment (Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library)
The famous double-slit experiment (Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library)
The most famous intrusion of the mind into quantum mechanics comes in the "double-slit experiment". Imagine shining a beam of light at a screen that contains two closely-spaced parallel slits. Some of the light passes through the slits, whereupon it strikes another screen.
Light can be thought of as a kind of wave, and when waves emerge from two slits like this they can interfere with each other. If their peaks coincide, they reinforce each other, whereas if a peak and a trough coincide, they cancel out. This wave interference is called diffraction, and it produces a series of alternating bright and dark stripes on the back screen, where the light waves are either reinforced or cancelled out.
The implication seems to be that each particle passes simultaneously through both slits
This experiment was understood to be a characteristic of wave behaviour over 200 years ago, well before quantum theory existed.
The double slit experiment can also be performed with quantum particles like electrons; tiny charged particles that are components of atoms. In a counter-intuitive twist, these particles can behave like waves. That means they can undergo diffraction when a stream of them passes through the two slits, producing an interference pattern.
Now suppose that the quantum particles are sent through the slits one by one, and their arrival at the screen is likewise seen one by one. Now there is apparently nothing for each particle to interfere with along its route – yet nevertheless the pattern of particle impacts that builds up over time reveals interference bands.
The implication seems to be that each particle passes simultaneously through both slits and interferes with itself. This combination of "both paths at once" is known as a superposition state.
But here is the really odd thing.
The double-slit experiment (Credit: GIPhotoStock/Science Photo Library)
The double-slit experiment (Credit: GIPhotoStock/Science Photo Library)
If we place a detector inside or just behind one slit, we can find out whether any given particle goes through it or not. In that case, however, the interference vanishes. Simply by observing a particle's path – even if that observation should not disturb the particle's motion – we change the outcome.
The physicist Pascual Jordan, who worked with quantum guru Niels Bohr in Copenhagen in the 1920s, put it like this: "observations not only disturb what has to be measured, they produce it… We compel [a quantum particle] to assume a definite position." In other words, Jordan said, "we ourselves produce the results of measurements."
If that is so, objective reality seems to go out of the window.
And it gets even stranger.
Particles can be in two states (Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library)
Particles can be in two states (Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library)
If nature seems to be changing its behaviour depending on whether we "look" or not, we could try to trick it into showing its hand. To do so, we could measure which path a particle took through the double slits, but only after it has passed through them. By then, it ought to have "decided" whether to take one path or both.
The sheer act of noticing, rather than any physical disturbance caused by measuring, can cause the collapse
An experiment for doing this was proposed in the 1970s by the American physicist John Wheeler, and this "delayed choice" experiment was performed in the following decade. It uses clever techniques to make measurements on the paths of quantum particles (generally, particles of light, called photons) after they should have chosen whether to take one path or a superposition of two.
It turns out that, just as Bohr confidently predicted, it makes no difference whether we delay the measurement or not. As long as we measure the photon's path before its arrival at a detector is finally registered, we lose all interference.
It is as if nature "knows" not just if we are looking, but if we are planning to look.
(Credit: Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute Physics/Science Photo Library)
Eugene Wigner (Credit: Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/Science Photo Library)
Whenever, in these experiments, we discover the path of a quantum particle, its cloud of possible routes "collapses" into a single well-defined state. What's more, the delayed-choice experiment implies that the sheer act of noticing, rather than any physical disturbance caused by measuring, can cause the collapse. But does this mean that true collapse has only happened when the result of a measurement impinges on our consciousness?
It is hard to avoid the implication that consciousness and quantum mechanics are somehow linked
That possibility was admitted in the 1930s by the Hungarian physicist Eugene Wigner. "It follows that the quantum description of objects is influenced by impressions entering my consciousness," he wrote. "Solipsism may be logically consistent with present quantum mechanics."
Wheeler even entertained the thought that the presence of living beings, which are capable of "noticing", has transformed what was previously a multitude of possible quantum pasts into one concrete history. In this sense, Wheeler said, we become participants in the evolution of the Universe since its very beginning. In his words, we live in a "participatory universe."
To this day, physicists do not agree on the best way to interpret these quantum experiments, and to some extent what you make of them is (at the moment) up to you. But one way or another, it is hard to avoid the implication that consciousness and quantum mechanics are somehow linked.
Beginning in the 1980s, the British physicist Roger Penrose suggested that the link might work in the other direction. Whether or not consciousness can affect quantum mechanics, he said, perhaps quantum mechanics is involved in consciousness.
Physicist and mathematician Roger Penrose (Credit: Max Alexander/Science Photo Library)
Physicist and mathematician Roger Penrose (Credit: Max Alexander/Science Photo Library)
What if, Penrose asked, there are molecular structures in our brains that are able to alter their state in response to a single quantum event. Could not these structures then adopt a superposition state, just like the particles in the double slit experiment? And might those quantum superpositions then show up in the ways neurons are triggered to communicate via electrical signals?
Maybe, says Penrose, our ability to sustain seemingly incompatible mental states is no quirk of perception, but a real quantum effect.
Perhaps quantum mechanics is involved in consciousness
After all, the human brain seems able to handle cognitive processes that still far exceed the capabilities of digital computers. Perhaps we can even carry out computational tasks that are impossible on ordinary computers, which use classical digital logic.
Penrose first proposed that quantum effects feature in human cognition in his 1989 book The Emperor's New Mind. The idea is called Orch-OR, which is short for "orchestrated objective reduction". The phrase "objective reduction" means that, as Penrose believes, the collapse of quantum interference and superposition is a real, physical process, like the bursting of a bubble.
Orch-OR draws on Penrose's suggestion that gravity is responsible for the fact that everyday objects, such as chairs and planets, do not display quantum effects. Penrose believes that quantum superpositions become impossible for objects much larger than atoms, because their gravitational effects would then force two incompatible versions of space-time to coexist.
Penrose developed this idea further with American physician Stuart Hameroff. In his 1994 book Shadows of the Mind, he suggested that the structures involved in this quantum cognition might be protein strands called microtubules. These are found in most of our cells, including the neurons in our brains. Penrose and Hameroff argue that vibrations of microtubules can adopt a quantum superposition.
But there is no evidence that such a thing is remotely feasible.
Microtubules inside a cell (Credit: Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/Science Photo Library)
Microtubules inside a cell (Credit: Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/Science Photo Library)
It has been suggested that the idea of quantum superpositions in microtubules is supported by experiments described in 2013, but in fact those studies made no mention of quantum effects.
Besides, most researchers think that the Orch-OR idea was ruled out by a study published in 2000. Physicist Max Tegmark calculated that quantum superpositions of the molecules involved in neural signaling could not survive for even a fraction of the time needed for such a signal to get anywhere.
Other researchers have found evidence for quantum effects in living beings
Quantum effects such as superposition are easily destroyed, because of a process called decoherence. This is caused by the interactions of a quantum object with its surrounding environment, through which the "quantumness" leaks away.
Decoherence is expected to be extremely rapid in warm and wet environments like living cells.
Nerve signals are electrical pulses, caused by the passage of electrically-charged atoms across the walls of nerve cells. If one of these atoms was in a superposition and then collided with a neuron, Tegmark showed that the superposition should decay in less than one billion billionth of a second. It takes at least ten thousand trillion times as long for a neuron to discharge a signal.
As a result, ideas about quantum effects in the brain are viewed with great skepticism.
However, Penrose is unmoved by those arguments and stands by the Orch-OR hypothesis. And despite Tegmark's prediction of ultra-fast decoherence in cells, other researchers have found evidence for quantum effects in living beings. Some argue that quantum mechanics is harnessed by migratory birds that use magnetic navigation, and by green plants when they use sunlight to make sugars in photosynthesis.
Besides, the idea that the brain might employ quantum tricks shows no sign of going away. For there is now another, quite different argument for it.
Could phosphorus sustain a quantum state? (Credit: Phil Degginger/Science Photo Library)
Could phosphorus sustain a quantum state? (Credit: Phil Degginger/Science Photo Library)
In a study published in 2015, physicist Matthew Fisher of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that the brain might contain molecules capable of sustaining more robust quantum superpositions. Specifically, he thinks that the nuclei of phosphorus atoms may have this ability.
Phosphorus atoms are everywhere in living cells. They often take the form of phosphate ions, in which one phosphorus atom joins up with four oxygen atoms.
Such ions are the basic unit of energy within cells. Much of the cell's energy is stored in molecules called ATP, which contain a string of three phosphate groups joined to an organic molecule. When one of the phosphates is cut free, energy is released for the cell to use.
Cells have molecular machinery for assembling phosphate ions into groups and cleaving them off again. Fisher suggested a scheme in which two phosphate ions might be placed in a special kind of superposition called an "entangled state".
Phosphorus spins could resist decoherence for a day or so, even in living cells
The phosphorus nuclei have a quantum property called spin, which makes them rather like little magnets with poles pointing in particular directions. In an entangled state, the spin of one phosphorus nucleus depends on that of the other.
Put another way, entangled states are really superposition states involving more than one quantum particle.
Fisher says that the quantum-mechanical behaviour of these nuclear spins could plausibly resist decoherence on human timescales. He agrees with Tegmark that quantum vibrations, like those postulated by Penrose and Hameroff, will be strongly affected by their surroundings "and will decohere almost immediately". But nuclear spins do not interact very strongly with their surroundings.
All the same, quantum behaviour in the phosphorus nuclear spins would have to be "protected" from decoherence.
Quantum particles can have different spins (Credit: Richard Kail/Science Photo Library)
Quantum particles can have different spins (Credit: Richard Kail/Science Photo Library)
This might happen, Fisher says, if the phosphorus atoms are incorporated into larger objects called "Posner molecules". These are clusters of six phosphate ions, combined with nine calcium ions. There is some evidence that they can exist in living cells, though this is currently far from conclusive.
I decided... to explore how on earth the lithium ion could have such a dramatic effect in treating mental conditions
In Posner molecules, Fisher argues, phosphorus spins could resist decoherence for a day or so, even in living cells. That means they could influence how the brain works.
The idea is that Posner molecules can be swallowed up by neurons. Once inside, the Posner molecules could trigger the firing of a signal to another neuron, by falling apart and releasing their calcium ions.  
Because of entanglement in Posner molecules, two such signals might thus in turn become entangled: a kind of quantum superposition of a "thought", you might say. "If quantum processing with nuclear spins is in fact present in the brain, it would be an extremely common occurrence, happening pretty much all the time," Fisher says.
He first got this idea when he started thinking about mental illness.
A capsule of lithium carbonate (Credit: Custom Medical Stock Photo/Science Photo Library)
A capsule of lithium carbonate (Credit: Custom Medical Stock Photo/Science Photo Library)
"My entry into the biochemistry of the brain started when I decided three or four years ago to explore how on earth the lithium ion could have such a dramatic effect in treating mental conditions," Fisher says.
At this point, Fisher's proposal is no more than an intriguing idea
Lithium drugs are widely used for treating bipolar disorder. They work, but nobody really knows how.
"I wasn't looking for a quantum explanation," Fisher says. But then he came across a paper reporting that lithium drugs had different effects on the behaviour of rats, depending on what form – or "isotope" – of lithium was used.
On the face of it, that was extremely puzzling. In chemical terms, different isotopes behave almost identically, so if the lithium worked like a conventional drug the isotopes should all have had the same effect.
Nerve cells are linked at synapses (Credit: Sebastian Kaulitzki/Science Photo Library)
Nerve cells are linked at synapses (Credit: Sebastian Kaulitzki/Science Photo Library)
But Fisher realised that the nuclei of the atoms of different lithium isotopes can have different spins. This quantum property might affect the way lithium drugs act. For example, if lithium substitutes for calcium in Posner molecules, the lithium spins might "feel" and influence those of phosphorus atoms, and so interfere with their entanglement.
We do not even know what consciousness is
If this is true, it would help to explain why lithium can treat bipolar disorder.
At this point, Fisher's proposal is no more than an intriguing idea. But there are several ways in which its plausibility can be tested, starting with the idea that phosphorus spins in Posner molecules can keep their quantum coherence for long periods. That is what Fisher aims to do next.
All the same, he is wary of being associated with the earlier ideas about "quantum consciousness", which he sees as highly speculative at best.
Consciousness is a profound mystery (Credit: Sciepro/Science Photo Library)
Consciousness is a profound mystery (Credit: Sciepro/Science Photo Library)
Physicists are not terribly comfortable with finding themselves inside their theories. Most hope that consciousness and the brain can be kept out of quantum theory, and perhaps vice versa. After all, we do not even know what consciousness is, let alone have a theory to describe it.
We all know what red is like, but we have no way to communicate the sensation
It does not help that there is now a New Age cottage industry devoted to notions of "quantum consciousness", claiming that quantum mechanics offers plausible rationales for such things as telepathy and telekinesis.
As a result, physicists are often embarrassed to even mention the words "quantum" and "consciousness" in the same sentence.
But setting that aside, the idea has a long history. Ever since the "observer effect" and the mind first insinuated themselves into quantum theory in the early days, it has been devilishly hard to kick them out. A few researchers think we might never manage to do so.
In 2016, Adrian Kent of the University of Cambridge in the UK, one of the most respected "quantum philosophers", speculated that consciousness might alter the behaviour of quantum systems in subtle but detectable ways.  
We do not understand how thoughts work (Credit: Andrzej Wojcicki/Science Photo Library)
We do not understand how thoughts work (Credit: Andrzej Wojcicki/Science Photo Library)
Kent is very cautious about this idea. "There is no compelling reason of principle to believe that quantum theory is the right theory in which to try to formulate a theory of consciousness, or that the problems of quantum theory must have anything to do with the problem of consciousness," he admits.
Every line of thought on the relationship of consciousness to physics runs into deep trouble
But he says that it is hard to see how a description of consciousness based purely on pre-quantum physics can account for all the features it seems to have.
One particularly puzzling question is how our conscious minds can experience unique sensations, such as the colour red or the smell of frying bacon. With the exception of people with visual impairments, we all know what red is like, but we have no way to communicate the sensation and there is nothing in physics that tells us what it should be like.
Sensations like this are called "qualia". We perceive them as unified properties of the outside world, but in fact they are products of our consciousness – and that is hard to explain. Indeed, in 1995 philosopher David Chalmers dubbed it "the hard problem" of consciousness.
How does our consciousness work? (Credit: Victor Habbick Visions/Science Photo Library)
How does our consciousness work? (Credit: Victor Habbick Visions/Science Photo Library)
"Every line of thought on the relationship of consciousness to physics runs into deep trouble," says Kent.
This has prompted him to suggest that "we could make some progress on understanding the problem of the evolution of consciousness if we supposed that consciousnesses alters (albeit perhaps very slightly and subtly) quantum probabilities."
"Quantum consciousness" is widely derided as mystical woo, but it just will not go away
In other words, the mind could genuinely affect the outcomes of measurements.
It does not, in this view, exactly determine "what is real". But it might affect the chance that each of the possible actualities permitted by quantum mechanics is the one we do in fact observe, in a way that quantum theory itself cannot predict. Kent says that we might look for such effects experimentally.
He even bravely estimates the chances of finding them. "I would give credence of perhaps 15% that something specifically to do with consciousness causes deviations from quantum theory, with perhaps 3% credence that this will be experimentally detectable within the next 50 years," he says.
If that happens, it would transform our ideas about both physics and the mind. That seems a chance worth exploring.